Global Flashcards

CHAPTER 24:

1d. Decembrist Revolt – after Alexander I died in 1825, an uprising of army officers who demanded a constitution and other reforms; suppressed by Nicholas I

2d.  Alexander II – rose to power during Crimean War; responsible for freeing the serfs & setting up local governments

3d.  Russification – under Alexander III, this policy involved suppressing non-Russian culture/people within the country

4d.  Bloody Sunday –  January 22, 1905; a peaceful march to the czar, led by Father George Gapon, ended when the army opened fire on the participants, killing and wounding hundreds; turning point: ended faith & trust in czar

5d.  October Manifesto – after Revolution of 1905, Nicholas II was forced to make many reforms; called the “October Manifesto” these included “freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union”

6d.  Peter Stolypin – conservative prime minister of Nicholas II; re-instituted pograms, arrests and executions; reforms weren’t enough & he was assassinated in 1911

7d.  Zemstvo – local elected assemblies, responsible for road repair, schools and agriculture; set up by Alexander II

8d.  Pogrom – violent mob attacks on Jews

9d.  Duma – elected national legislature; set up by Nicholas II

10d. Benjamin Disraeli – prime minister of England; transformed the Tories in the modern Conservative party

11d. Chartists – protestors that demanded more radical change, including universal male suffrage, annual parliamentary elections & salaries for Parliament members

12d.  Queen Victoria – longest reigning monarch in British history (1837-1901); practiced a strict code of morals and manners

13d .William Gladstone – prime minister of England; led the Whigs into the Liberal party

14d.  Rotten borough – rural town in England that send members to Parliament despite having few or no voters

15d.  Electorate – the body of people allowed to vote

16d. Secret ballot – allowed people to place votes without announcing it publically

17d. Corn Laws – British tariffs that set high tariffs on imported grains and kept the price of British grain high

18d. Fabian Society – a socialist organization created in 1883 that promoted gradual change through legal means rather than through violence

19d. Emmeline Pankhurst – a leading suffragist who was arrested & jailed for using aggressive tactics to win the vote

20d.  Catholic Emancipation Act – allowed Catholics to vote & hold political office (1829)

21d.  Great Hunger – terrible famine that was caused when a disease destroyed the potato crop in Ireland (1845)

22d.  Charles Stewart Parnell – an Irish nationalist who led Irish members of Parliament to fight for home rule

23d.  Free trade – trade between countries without quotas, tariffs or other restrictions

24d.  Capital offense – crime punishable by death

25d.  Penal colony – place where people convicted of crimes are sent

26d.  Absentee landlord – one who owns a large estate but does not live there

27d.  Home rule – local self-government

28d.  Paris Commune – a revolt in Paris that led to a civil war between the communards (rebels that included workers, socialists & bourgeoisie republicans) and French soldiers

29d.  Alfred Dreyfus – a French-Jewish high-ranking military officer who was accused of spying for Germany; convicted & condemned (anti-Semitism)

30d.  Theodor Herzl –a Hungarian Jewish journalist living in France who urged Jews to form their own separate state; helped to launch modern Zionism, a movement devoted to rebuilding the Jewish state in Palestine

31d.  Jeanne-Elizabeth Schmahl – founded the French Union for Women’s Suffrage; favored legal protests

32d.  Premier – prime minister

33d.  Coalition – temporary alliance of various political parties

34d.  Libel – knowing publication of false and damaging statements

35d.  Louisiana Purchase – a large territory in present day mid-west U.S. that was purchased from France in 1803 during Jefferson’s term

36d.  Manifest Destiny – a claim that Americans made which said that they were destined the spread across the entire North American continent

37d.  Frederick Douglass – an escaped slave who spoke about the evils of slavery

38d.  Abraham Lincoln – 16^th president of U.S.; Civil War president who emancipated the slaves

39d.  Fifteenth Amendment – granted black men the right to vote

40d.  Progressives – reform-minded political movement that focused on banning child labor, limiting work hours, regulating monopolies, giving voters more power and extending suffrage to women

41d.  Expansionism – policy of increasing the amount of territory a government holds

42d.  Abolitionist – one who fought for the end of slavery in the U.S.

43d.  Secede – withdraw

44d.  Segregation – separation of the races

45d.  Isolationism – policy of limited involvement in world affairs

CHAPTER 22:

20c. standard of living – measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in society (p. 554) 

21c. stock – shares in a company (p. 549) 22c. temperance movement – campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages (p. 558) 

23c. urban renewal – rebuilding of the poor areas of a city (p. 552) 

24c. women’s suffrage – right of women to vote (p. 558) 

25c. Alexander Graham Bell – U.S. inventor who patented the telephone in 1876 (p. 548) 

26c. Charlotte Bronte – a British novelist and one of the famous Bronte sisters; wrote Jane Eyre (p. 562) 

27c. Lord Byron – a British writer/poet who was “larger than life” and created heroes that were mysterious, gloomy and often different than others in society (these heroes became known as “Byronic”; (p. 562) 

28c. Gustave Courbet – a French realist painter who painted only what he saw; painted The Stone Builders, showing two men building a country road (p. 564) 

29c. Charles Dickens – English writer who used his humor and descriptive settings and round characters to portray the poor and middle class in his stories; wrote Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol (among others) (p. 564) 

30c. Thomas Edison – American inventor who made the first electric light bulb, 1870s (p. 546) 

31c. Michael Faraday – a British chemist who created the first simple electric motor and first dynamo, the building block of all electrical generators and transformers for today (p. 546) 

32c. Henry Ford – used the assembly line to mass produce cars (made them more quickly and cheaper), which pushed the U.S. to the lead in auto industry; first models to move 25 mph (p. 548)  

33c. Robert Koch – a German doctor who, in the 1880s, identified the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB killed about 30 million in the 1800s) (p.551) 

34c. Alfred Krupp – a German businessman who inherited a steelmaking business from his father, then bought coal and iron mines and ore-shipping mines, as well as factories that made tools, railroad cars and weapons (p. 549) 

35c. Joseph Lister – an English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection; encouraged surgeons to wash their hands and sanitize instruments before operations (p.552) 

36c. Charles Lyell – writer of Principles of Geology who put forth evidence to show that the Earth had been formed over millions of years (p. 560) 

37c. Florence Nightingale – a British nurse who insisted on better hygiene in war hospitals, founded the first nursing school and launched sanitary measures in British hospitals (p. 552) 

38c. Guglielmo Marconi – Italian inventor who developed the radio; in 1901 sent a radio message from Britain to Canada using Morse code (p. 549) 

39c. Claude Monet – a French impressionist who used strokes of color without blending to produce pictures; often painted the same subject many times during different times of day (ex. cathedral in Rouen, France) (p. 565) 

40c. Samuel F. B. Morse – U.S. inventor who developed the telegraph, which could send coded messages over wires by electricity (p. 548) 

41c. Alfred Nobel – a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite in 1866; it was used in construction and warfare; Nobel left the money he made to fund the Nobel prizes (p. 546) 

42c. Louis Pasteur – a French chemist who showed a link between microbes and disease (germ theory) in 1870; also developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax and discovered pasteurization, a process that kills disease-carrying microbes in milk (p. 551) 

43c. Orville & Wilbur Wright – bicycle makers who designed and flew a small airplane at Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903; stayed in the air for only moments (p. 548) 

44c. Ludwig von Beethoven – a romantic German composer, widely considered one of the best of his age; produced numerous musical pieces ranging from symphonies and concertos to operas; 1^st composer to use a wide range of instruments in his modern orchestra (p. 563) 

45c. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – a German writer; wrote the poem Faust, about a man (Faust) who makes a deal with the devil to exchange his soul for lasting youth (p. 562)

1b. Abraham Darby – discovered a way to remove impurities from coal that led to better-quality, less expensive iron

2b. Adam Smith – wrote The Wealth of Nations, created the idea of laissez-faire (“hands-off”) and discussed the benefits of capitalism for all class levels

3b. Anesthetic – a drug that prevents pain during surgery

4b. Capital – wealth to invest in other enterprises

5b. Communism – a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers & employees as unavoidable

6b. Enclosure – the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers in order to gain pastures and farm land

7b. George Stephenson – invented steam-powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails

8b. Iron law of wages – when wages were high, families had more children; more children meant a greater supply of labor, which led to lower wages and higher unemployment

9b. Jethro Tull – invented the seed drill, which planted seeds in rows rather than scattering & wasting them

10b. John Kay – invented the flying shuttle to speed up weaving

11b. James Hargreaves – invented the spinning jenny, which spun many threads at the same time

12b. James Watt – Scottish engineer; improved Newcomen’s steam engine, which would become a key part of the IR (1769)

13b. John Stuart Mill – a utilitarian who believed that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain; supported gov’t help for the working class and votes to workers and women

14b. John Wesley – founder of the Methodist Church; emphasized the need for personal faith

15b. Karl Marx – German philosopher (1840s); co-wrote The Communist Manifesto which supported communism

16b. Labor union – workers’ organizations who bargain with employers for employee rights and benefits

17b. Luddite – rioters named after a mythical figure, Ned Ludd, who supposedly destroyed machines in the 1780s

18b. Means of production – the businesses that produce and distribute goods

19b. Methodism – a Christian faith that urged people to adopt sober, moral ways and promised forgiveness of sin

20b. Proletariat – the working class

21b. Smelt – to separate iron from its ore

22b. Socialism – people as a whole rather than private individuals own and operate businesses that produced and distributed goods

23b. Tenement – multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments

24b. Thomas Malthus – wrote “Essay on the Principle of Population”, which concluded that poverty and misery were unavoidable because the population was growing faster than the food supply; tried to understand the changes taking place in the early industrial age

25b. Thomas Newcomen – invented a steam engine that was powered by coal and pumped water out of mines

26b. Turnpike – privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them

27b. Urbanization – the movement of people to cities

28b. Utilitarianism – the idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”

29b. Utopians – those who searched for ideal communities